Travertine (in other languages: Chinese: 洞石, Persian: تراورتن, German: Travertin) is a form of limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite . Like most other sedimentary rocks, limestones are composed of grains; however, most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. There are hot springs all over the earth, on every continent and even under the oceans and seas. Travertine often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan and cream-colored varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca , often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter it can form stalactites, stalagmites A stalagmite , "drop" or "drip") is a type of speleothem that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate. The corresponding formation on the ceiling of a cave is known as a stalactite. If these formations grow together, the result is known as a and other speleothems. It is frequently used in Italy Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine and elsewhere as a building material.

Travertine is a terrestrial sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that is formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution. Particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating, formed by the precipitation Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid. When the reaction occurs in a liquid, the solid formed is called the precipitate, and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the supernate. Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been of carbonate minerals Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion: CO32- from solution in ground and surface waters, and/or geothermally heated hot-springs A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. There are hot springs all over the earth, on every continent and even under the oceans and seas.^[1][2] Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa Tufa is a variety of limestone, formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature water bodies. Geothermally heated hot-springs sometimes produce similar carbonate deposits known as travertine. Tufa is sometimes referred to as (meteogene) travertine; care must be taken when searching through literature to prevent confusion.

Features

Travertine forms the stalactites and stalagmites of limestone caves, and the filling of some veins and hot spring conduits. Travertine forms from geothermal springs and is often linked to siliceous systems which form siliceous sinter Geyserite is a form of opaline silica that is often found around hot springs and geysers. Botryoidal geyserite is known as fiorite. Macrophytes A macrophyte is an aquatic plant that grows in or near water and is either emergent, submergent, or floating. In lakes macrophytes provide cover for fish and substrate for aquatic invertebrates, produce oxygen, and act as food for some fish and wildlife, bryophytes Bryophytes are all embryophytes that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. The term bryophyte comes from Greek βρύον - bryon, "tree-moss, oyster-green" + φυτόν - fyton &, algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length. The US Algal Collection is represented by almost 300,000 accessioned and inventoried herbarium specimens. The largest and most complex marine forms are called, cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue) and other organisms often colonise the surface of travertine and are preserved, giving travertine its distinctive porosity.

Some springs have temperatures high enough to exclude macrophytes and bryophytes from the deposits, consequently, deposits are generally less porous than tufa Tufa is a variety of limestone, formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature water bodies. Geothermally heated hot-springs sometimes produce similar carbonate deposits known as travertine. Tufa is sometimes referred to as (meteogene) travertine; care must be taken when searching through literature to prevent confusion. Thermophilic A thermophile is an organism — a type of extremophile — that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 80 °C . Many thermophiles are archaea microbes are important in these environments and stromatolitic Stromatolites are layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria (commonly known as blue-green algae) . They include some of the most ancient records of life on Earth fabrics are common. When deposits are apparently devoid of any biological component, they are often referred to as calcareous sinter.

Geochemistry

Modern travertine is formed from geothermally heated supersaturated alkaline waters, with raised pCO₂ (see partial pressure In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture). On emergence, waters degas CO₂ due to the lower atmospheric pCO₂, resulting in an increase in pH. Since carbonate solubility decreases with increased pH,^[3] precipitation is induced. Supersaturation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO₂, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important,^[4] as may photosynthesis.^[5] Precipitation may also be enhanced by evaporation in some springs.

Both calcite and aragonite are found in hot spring travertines, aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are hot, while calcite dominates when temperatures are cooler.^[6][7] When pure and fine, travertine is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities (other than carbonate minerals).

Travertine may precipitate out directly onto rock and other inert materials as in Pamukkale Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural site in south-western Turkey in the Denizli Province. The city contains hot springs and travertines, terraces of carbonate minerals left by the flowing water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of or Yellowstone Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal for example. Travertine may also precipitate out onto growing moss as happens a great deal in Plitvice Lakes The Plitvice Lakes is a national park in Croatia in the Plitvice Lakes municipality, in the mountainous region of Lika.

Occurrence

Travertine waterfalls exist not only in the U.S. in Oklahoma and Texas but most famously in Italy Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine, in Tivoli Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river, where it issues from the Sabine hills. There are spectacular views out over the Roman Campagna and Guidonia Montecelio Guidonia Montecelio is a town and comune in the province of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. Travertine derives its name from the former town, known as Tibur in ancient Roman times. The ancient name for the stone was lapis tiburtinus, meaning tibur stone, which was gradually corrupted to travertine. Detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed [[diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology Geochronology is the science of determining the absolute age of rocks, fossils, and sediments, within a certain degree of uncertainty inherent to the method used. A variety of dating methods are used by geologists to achieve this. The interdisciplinary approach of using several methods can often achieve best results.^[8] These formations commonly occur in tropical and subtropical karst areas around the world.

In Central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. The term and widespread interest in the region itself came back into fashion after the end of the Cold War, which, along with the Iron Curtain, had divided Europe politically into East and West, splitting Central Europe in half's last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum (Atlantic Period The Atlantic in palaeoclimatology was the warmest and moistest Blytt-Sernander period, pollen zone and chronozone of Holocene north Europe. The climate was generally warmer than today. It was preceded by the Boreal, with a climate similar to today’s, and was followed by the Sub-Boreal, a transition to the modern. Because it was the warmest, 8000-5000 B.C.), huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs. Important geotopes Geotope is the geological component of the abiotic matrix present in an ecotope. Example geotopes might be: an exposed outcrop of rocks, an erratic boulder, a grotto or ravine, a cave, an old stone wall marking a property boundary, and so forth are found at the Swabian Alb The Swabian Alb or Swabian Jura (German: Schwäbische Alb) is a low mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, extending 220 km from southwest to northeast and 40 to 70 km in width. It is named after the region of Swabia, mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the cuesta In structural geology and geomorphology, a cuesta is a ridge formed by gently tilted sedimentary rock strata in a homoclinal structure. Cuestas have a steep slope, where the rock layers are exposed on their edges, called an escarpment or, if more steep, a cliff. Usually an erosion-resistant rock layer also has a more gentle slope on the other side; in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic Franconian Jura; at the northern Alpine foothills The Alpine foothills, or Prealps can refer generally to any area of foothills in the Alps of Europe; and the northern Karst Alps. On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working. Travertine has been an important building material for housing and representative buildings since the Middle Ages The Middle Ages is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in.

Travertine has formed sixteen huge, natural dams in a valley in Croatia Croatia (pronounced /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ , kroe-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest known as Plitvice Lakes National Park The Plitvice Lakes is a national park in Croatia in the Plitvice Lakes municipality, in the mountainous region of Lika. Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to 70 m in height.^[9] Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Mahallat, Abbass Abad, and Atash Kooh (Iran); Pamukkale Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural site in south-western Turkey in the Denizli Province. The city contains hot springs and travertines, terraces of carbonate minerals left by the flowing water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of (Turkey); Band-i-Amir Afghanistan; HuangLong Valley (Sichuan, China); and Semuc Champey (Guatemala Guatemala (pronounced /ˌgwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ ; Spanish: República de Guatemala, Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast). Many geyser fields also have colorful travertine deposits.

In the U.S., the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal, where the geothermal areas The geothermal areas of Yellowstone include several geyser basins in Yellowstone National Park as well as other geothermal features such as hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles. The number of thermal features in Yellowstone is estimated at 10,000 and 200 to 250 geysers erupt in Yellowstone each year, making it the place with the highest are rich in travertine deposits. Oklahoma has two parks are dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls, the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma and one of the tallest in the U.S., is a 77-foot cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods, repeat the travertine-formation effect. The city of Davis now owns thousands of acres of this land and has made it a tourist attraction. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma, 10 miles east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area. In Texas, the city of Austin and its surrounding "Hillcountry" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within Colorado Bend State Park, the nature preserve known as Hamilton Pool, the West Cave Preserve, and Krause Springs in Spicewood.

Uses

Travertine is often used as a building material Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building. The Romans mined deposits of aged, dried, and hardened travertine. Among other structures, they built the Colosseum The Colosseum or, The Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre , is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering, the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine. Other notable buildings using travertine extensively include the Sacré-Cœur Basilica The Sacré-Cœur Basilica , a Roman Catholic basilica, is a popular landmark in Paris, France, dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The basilica is located at the summit of the butte Montmartre, the highest point in the city in Paris Paris ([paʁi] in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated and the 20th-century Getty Center The Getty Center, in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The museum's permanent collection includes "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs". Among the works on in Los Angeles Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2). The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a, California. The travertine used in the Getty Center construction was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia.^[10]

Travertine is one of several natural stones that are used for paving patios and garden paths. It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are the same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble. The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. Some installers use a grout to fill the holes, whereas others leave them open — travertine can be purchased "filled" or "unfilled." It can also be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is most commonly available in tile A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass. Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically sizes for floor installations.

Travertine is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture Modern architecture is characterized by simplification of form and creation of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. The first variants were conceived early in the 20th century. Modern architecture was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, however very few "Modern buildings" were built in. It is a commonly use for façades, wall cladding In metallurgy, cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. It is distinct from welding or gluing as a method to fasten the metals together. Cladding is often achieved by extruding two metals through a die as well as pressing or rolling sheets together under high pressure, and flooring. The lobby walls of the modernist Willis Tower (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago are made of travertine.^[11] Architect Welton Becket frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects. The first floor of the Becket-designed UCLA Medical Center has thick travertine walls. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe used travertine in two of his major works, S.R. Crown Hall and the Farnsworth House.

The relative softness of the stone, combined with its holes and troughs, make travertine flooring difficult to finish and maintain. Aggressive grinding — sometimes called honing — can reveal previously hidden air pockets that significantly change the look of the floor.

Two or three small travertine producers operate in the western United States. U.S. demand for travertine is about 0.85 million tons, almost all of it imported. Most of the imports come from Turkey, Mexico, Italy, and Peru. A decade ago, Italy had a near monopoly on the world travertine market.

See also

• Calc-sinter
• Karst topography

References

1. ^ Dictionary of Geological Terms, 1962. A Dolphin Reference Book
2. ^ A Glossary of Karst Terminology, 1970. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1899-K, U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington.
3. ^ Bialkowski, S.E. 2004. Use of Acid Distributions in Solubility Problems. [1]
4. ^ Zhang, D. Zhang, Y. Zhu, A. and Cheng, X. 2001. Physical mechanisms of river waterfall tufa (travertine) formation. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, pp. 205-216.
5. ^ Riding, R. 2000. Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47, pp. 179-214.
6. ^ Pentecost, A. 2005. Travertine. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. ISBN 1-4020-3523-3
7. ^ Fouke, B.W. Farmer, J.D. Des Marais, D.J. Pratt, L. Sturchio, N.C. Burns, P.C. Discipulo, M.K. 2000. Depositional facies and aqueous-solid geochemistry of travertine-depositing hot springs (Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.). Journal of Sedimentary Research 70, pp. 565-585.
8. ^ Folk, R. L., et al.; (1985) "Bizarre forms of depositional and diagenetic calcite in hot spring travertines", in Carbonate Cements; SEPM Special Pub. 36.
9. ^ "Land Of The Falling Lakes", Nature, PBS
10. ^ "The Getty Center", Official Website
11. ^ "The Willis Tower", Official Website

Show All>>

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Home
• Referrers
• Masonry: Encyclopedia
• Search Terms
• Business: Construction and Maintenance: Materials and Supplies: Masonry and Stone: Natural Stone: Memorials: Directory
• Stucco: Images
• Soapstone
• Stucco: Answers
• Stucco: Blogs
• Stucco: News

Most Popular Pages:

• Baju Couple: Blogs
• Promosi Kesehatan: Blogs
• Pengertian Suhu Tubuh: Blogs
• Gaun Pesta: Blogs
• Asuhan Keperawatan: Blogs
• Kantong Plastik Printing Sablon: Blogs
• Sepatu Murah: Blogs
• Satuan Karya Pramuka: Blogs
• Griya Pengantin: Blogs
• Home

Related 'Travertine' Searches: